As secular mindfulness continues to expand into many layers of our society, from psychotherapy offices and schools to corporations and the military, I welcome its spread. Regardless of the context in which it is learned, mindfulness reduces suffering when practiced diligently and ethically. Moreover, applying mindfulness to daily life situations is a fundamental dharma teaching. So I experience mudita [sympathetic joy] when I see that mindfulness has become available to many more people.
But do secular programs teach the same mindfulness that the Buddha offered? Programs vary widely, of course. Some have a firm foundation in the Buddha’s teachings while others make no reference to Buddhism in order to strip it of its spiritual context. Exploring this question naturally leads to another: what is the mindfulness of the Buddha?
The Buddha taught that mental suffering arises out of ignorance. By “ignorance” he meant the mind’s misunderstanding of the nature of reality, both mental and physical. For example, a practitioner may have profound insights into the four noble truths (which outline the path to freedom); the three characteristics of existence (impermanence, the existence of suffering, and the absence of a permanent self); or the seven factors of awakening (qualities such as investigation, energy, and equanimity which support realization). Through vipassana practice we have insights about the implications of the constancy of change, the true nature of reality and self, and the empty radiant nature of mind when it is not clouded by desire and aversion.
But to what end are we cultivating these critical realizations through insight? In order to be able to choose non-suffering rather than suffering—to be able to think, speak, and act in such a manner that does not cause suffering for ourselves or others. Ultimately these realizations bring about a “change in lineage” so complete that the very roots of desire, aversion, and delusion are removed, which is one definition of nibbana.
One of the main tools the Buddha taught for developing insight is the ability to be fully aware in the moment. Other meditative tools he taught include directing attention, achieving deep concentration states, and cultivating the four divine abidings of lovingkindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity.
He also taught non-meditative practices he considered essential, such as sila [ethical behavior], dana [generosity], and nekkhamma [renunciation]. Each of these tools plays a critical role in developing insight and allowing you to stay on the noble eightfold path to full understanding, as described in the four noble truths.
Mindfulness practice [sati] as a skillful means enables us to go beneath the surface level of our moment-to-moment life experiences, which are clouded with emotions and habitual thinking, and allows us to see the truth of what is happening. In daily life, it helps us see clearly what needs to be done, what we are capable of doing, and how that relates to the larger truths. Obviously, it isn’t easy being mindful in such a manner, but we can develop mindfulness through the practice of formal meditation practice and by practicing “walking around” mindfulness.
What most distinguishes the Buddha’s from secular mindfulness is that he does not teach it as a standalone skill. Rather, it is a part of the eightfold path that leads to the realization of the four noble truths and the end of mental suffering. The Pali phrase for the Buddha’s mindfulness is samma sati, which translates as “wise mindfulness.” Samma sati is one of three parts in the samadhi [concentration] section of the eightfold path, along with wise concentration and wise effort. It is employed in the development of both of these factors, and both of these factors enhance mindfulness. Likewise in the panna [wisdom] section, wise understanding and wise intention need mindfulness and are needed for the practice to flourish in daily life. Wise understanding fuels the aspiration for liberating the mind from the grasping and clinging that cause mental suffering.
Finally, in the third section of the eightfold path, the Buddha instructs us on applying mindfulness to our work and personal lives through wise speech, wise action, and wise livelihood. These teachings also reflect a particular kind of mindfulness, one that is wise, nonharming, and forward leading. This is the mindfulness taught by the Buddha.
As a standalone practice it may well lack the ethical and aspirational qualities of samma sati. Although the commentaries say that mindfulness is always a wholesome factor of mind, this refers to the samma sati of the eightfold Path. As the esteemed scholar and translator Analayo Bhikkhu points out in his book on the Satipatthana Sutta, there are times when the Buddha refers to “wrong” mindfulness. In other words, we can learn to be mindful, but to what end? For instance, when we are more mindful, we are more likely to see how to gain advantage and opportunity in regard to others. But is this the mindfulness of the Buddha? I certainly don’t think so.
Regardless of the circumstances under which it is taught and by whom, mindfulness is wholesome when it comes from an ethical base and helps people to be more present, have less stress, and experience fewer negative thoughts. But in my view, it is not samma sati without grounding in the Buddha’s teachings on the nature of mind and skillful means, and the aspiration to choose nonsuffering rather than suffering.
The Buddha’s mindfulness has one purpose—the end of suffering. It encompasses all of life in order to purify the mind and bring wisdom, love, and equanimity to the center of our lives. When these qualities and goals are clearly present, we are in the presence of the Buddha’s great gift of mindfulness. Each of us is fortunate that these teachings are so widely available in our lifetimes and that we have the interest and the time to allow them to liberate our minds and awaken our hearts.
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